Excel Shortcuts for beginners - Part 1

3/31/2013
Jalaluddin Akbar Shaik
Excel Basic Formulas
Excel Features
	Ctrl + n	Open New Workbook
	Ctrl + o	Open File
	Ctrl + s	Save File.
	F12	Display the Save As dialog box.
	F10 or Alt	Turn key shortcuts on or off
	Ctrl + P	Opens Print Menu.
	F1	Opens Excel Help Menu
	F7	Opens the Spelling dialog box.
	Shift + F7	Opens the Thesaurus dialog box.
	Alt + F8	Opens the Macro dialog box.
	Alt + F11	Open the Visual Basic Editor
Format Cells
	Ctrl + 1	Displays the Format Cells dialog box.
	Ctrl + 2 (or Ctrl + b)	Applies or removes bold formatting.
	Ctrl + 3 (or Ctrl + i)	Applies or removes italic formatting.
	Ctrl + 4 (or Ctrl + u)	Applies or removes underlining.
	Ctrl + 5	Applies or removes strikethrough.
	Ctrl + Shift + &	Applies the outline border.
	Ctrl + Shift + _	Removes outline borders.
	Ctrl + Shift + f	Display the Format Cells with Fonts Tab active.
	Alt + ‘(apostrophe )	Displays the Style dialog box.
Format Cell Contents
	Ctrl + Shift + 1	Applies the Number format
	Ctrl + Shift + 2	Applies the Time format
	Ctrl + Shift + 3	Applies the Date format
	Ctrl + Shift + 4	Applies the Currency format
	Ctrl + Shift + 5	Applies the Percentage format
	Ctrl + Shift + 6	Applies the Scientific number format
Rows & Columns
	Ctrl + F3	Define a name or dialog.
	Ctrl + Shift + F3	Create names from row and column labels.
	F3	Paste a defined name into a formula.
Work with Clipboard
	Ctrl + c	Copy contents of the selected cell
	Ctrl + v	Paste contents of the selected cell
	Ctrl+ x	Cut contents of the selected cell
	Ctrl + Alt + V	Display Paste Special dailog box
	Ctrl + Shift + +	Display the insert dailog box
Undo/Redo
	Ctrl + Z	Undo last action
	Ctrl + Y	Redo last action

Multiple Entry Business Visa letter for America (Proforma)

Letter for Business Visa in U.S.A (Proforma)

19th March, 2013

The Visa Officer,

Consulate General of the United States of America,

Hyderabad – 500 003, India

Dear Sir/Madam,

Sub: Request for issuance of Multiple Entry Business Visa

Introduction about XYZ India Pvt. Ltd.

This letter is to introduce Mr. India holder of an Indian Passport No: F1234567 who holds the positions of a Manager, XYZ India Pvt. Ltd. Mr. India is required to attend business meetings in New Jersey, XYZ Gmbh, Rosenheimer Plaza 4, 81669 Munchen, Poslfach 802080, Parsipanny, New Jersey. During the period from MM/DD/YYYY to MM/DD/YYYY.

Further to the details furnished above we would request you to grant a multiple entry business visa to Mr. India. While in USA he will be contacting Mr.America, Director, XYZ Gmbh, Rosenheimer Plaza 4, 81669 Munchen, Poslfach 802080, Parsipanny, New Jersey, USA. During the period from MM/DD/YYYY to MM/DD/YYYY. Tel: +91 (0) 12345678.

During his intermittent stay in USA, Mr. India will continue to be employed with, report to and receive compensation from XYZ India Pvt. Ltd. in Hyderabad. He will receive no other compensation or fees from the American entity for his participation in this Business Meeting and he will return to his normal duties in India upon completion of his visit. Mr. India will not be engaged in any professional activities for which under a German law of work permit is required.

XYZ India Pvt. Ltd. guarantees the expense of such trips including return airfares to India for Mr. India. He is also covered by company health and accident insurance with ABC Medical Assist Policy on a world-wide basis.

Should you need further clarification in this case, Please do not hesitate to contact Ms/Mr. HR, 

Assitant Manager – HR Immigration at 91 40 1234 5678

Thank you in advance for your assistance in granting this visa.

Sincerely

Mr/Ms. HR

Assistant Manager – HR Immigration

Financial Accounting

 1.   Concepts of accounting:

a.    separate entity concept     

b.    going concern concept              

c.    money measurement concept                                            

d.   cost concept

e.    dual aspect concept                                                              

f.     accounting period concept

g.    periodic matching of costs and revenue concept         

h.    realization concept.

2.   Conventions of accounting

a.    conservatism 

b.    full disclosure

c.    consistency

d.   D materiality.

3.   Principles of accounting

a.    a. personal a/c :   debit the receiver

                                                                                         i.    Credit the giver

b.    b. real a/c           : debit what comes in

                                                                                         i.    Credit what goes out

c.    c. nominal a/c    : debit all expenses and losses    

                                                                                         i.    credit all gains and incomes

 4. Credit note: the customer when returns the goods get credit for the value of the goods returned. A credit note is sent to him intimating that his a/c has been credited with the value of the goods returned.

 5 . Debit note: when the goods are returned to the supplier, a debit note is sent to him indicating that his a/c has been debited with the amount mentioned in the debit note.

6. Bank reconciliation statement:  it is a statement reconciling the balance as shown by the bank pass book and the balance as shown by the Cash Book.   Obj:  to know the difference & pass necessary correcting, adjusting entries in the books.

7.    Matching concept: matching means requires proper matching of expense with the revenue.

8.     Capital income: the term capital income means an income which does not grow out of or pertain to the running of the business proper.

9.    Revenue income: the income which arises out of and in the course of the regular business transactions of a concern.

10.  Capital expenditure: it means an expenditure which has been incurred for the purpose of obtaining a long term advantage for the business.

11.  Revenue expenditure: an expenditure that incurred in the course of regular business transactions of a concern.

12.  Differed revenue expenditure: an expenditure which is incurred during an accounting period but is applicable further periods also. Eg: heavy advertisement.

13.  Bad debts: bad debts denote the amount lost from debtors to whom the goods were sold on credit.

14.  Depreciation: depreciation denotes gradually and permanent decrease in the value of asset due to wear and tear, technology changes, laps of time and accident.

15.  Fictitious assets: These are assets not represented by tangible possession or property. Examples of preliminary expenses, discount on issue of shares, debit balance in the profit and loss account when shown on the assets side in the balance sheet.

16.  Intangible Assets : Intangible assets means the assets which is not having the physical appearance. And its have the real value, it shown on the assets side of the balance sheet.

17.  Accrued Income : Accrued income means  income which has been earned by the business during the accounting year but which has not yet been due and, therefore, has not been received.

18.  Outstanding Income : Outstanding Income means income which has become due during the accounting year but which has not so far been received by the firm.

19. . Depletion: it implies removal of an available but not replaceable source, Such as extracting coal from a coal mine.

20.  Amortization:  the process of writing of intangible assets is term as amortization.

21.  Capital employed: the term capital employed means sum of total long term funds employed in the business. i.e.

22. (share capital+ reserves & surplus +long term loans – (non business assets + fictitious assets)

23.  Equity shares: those shares which are not having pref. rights are called equity shares.

24. Pref.shares:  Those shares which are carrying the pref.rights is called pref. shares

                           Pref.rights in respect of fixed dividend.

                       Pref.right to repayment of capital in the even of company winding up.

25.  Leverage: It is a force applied at a particular point to get the desired   result.

26.  Operating leverage: the operating leverage takes place when a changes    in revenue greater changes in EBIT.

27.  Financial leverage : it is nothing but a process of using debt capital to           increase the rate of return on equity

28.  Combine leverage: it is used to measure of the total risk of the firm = operating risk + financial risk.

29.  BRS:  It is a statement reconciling the balance as shown by the bank pass book and balance shown by the cash book.

30.  Objective of BRS:  The objective of preparing such a statement is to know the causes of difference between the two balances and pass necessary correcting or  adjusting entries in the books of the firm.

31.  Responsibilities of accounting:  It is a system of control by delegating and locating the responsibilities for costs.

32. outstanding Income : Outstanding Income means income which has become due during the accounting year but which has not so far been received by the firm.

33. Outstanding Expenses : Outstanding Expenses refer to those expenses which have become due during the accounting period for which the Final Accounts have been prepared but have not yet been paid.

Methods of depreciation :

a.    1.Uniform charge methods :                

Fixed instalment method

                                         i.    .Depletion method

b.              Machine hour rate method.

          Declining charge methods :

c.    Diminishing balance method

                  .Sum of years digits method

d.   Double declining method

34. 3. Other methods :

a.    Group depreciation method

b.    Inventory system of depreciation

c.    Annuity method

d.   Depreciation fund method

e.    Insurance policy method.

35.  Accrued Income : Accrued Income means income which has been earned by the business during the accounting year but which has not yet become due  and, therefore, has not been received. 

Budgeting - MBA/B.COM/B.A